MD-TB & Respiratory Diseases Course in India

Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus) is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent, but about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer.

MD-Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	02
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	02
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	01
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	01

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Social & Preventive Medicine Course in India

Preventive medicine or preventive care consists of measures taken to prevent diseases, (or injuries) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. This contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods (which work at the level of population health rather than individual health). Occupational medicine operates very often within the preventive medicine.

Preventive medicine strategies are typically described as taking place at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. In addition, the term primal prevention has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well-being and prevent any long-term health consequences from gestational history and/or disease. The rationale for such efforts is the evidence demonstrating the link between fetal well-being, or "primal health," and adult health. Primal prevention strategies typically focus on providing future parents with: education regarding the consequences of epigenetic influences on their child, sufficient leave time for both parents or, for lack of it, at least some kin care-giving.

MD-Social & Preventive Medicine Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	03
Basaveswara Medical College & Hospital, Chitradurga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	03
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	05
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	05
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	03
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Banglore	Govt.	03
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	04
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	02
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
Vijaynagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	04

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Radiotherapy Course in India

Radiation therapy, radiation oncology, or radiotherapy, sometimes abbreviated to XRT or DXT, is the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells. Radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body. It may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer). Radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers.

Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of exposed tissue leading to cellular death. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue. Besides the tumour itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radio-logically involved with tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of sub-clinical malignant spread. It is necessary to include a margin of normal tissue around the tumor to allow for uncertainties in daily set-up and internal tumor motion. These uncertainties can be caused by internal movement (for example, respiration and bladder filling) and movement of external skin marks relative to the tumor position.

MD-Radiotherapy Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Father Mullers Institue of Medical Edu. & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	03
Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	04
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Radiology Course in India

Radiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies such as X-Ray Radiography, Ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT), Nuclear Medicine, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional Radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or radiologic technologist. The radiologist then interprets or "reads" the images and produces a report of their findings and impression or diagnosis.

MD-Diagnosis/Radiology Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	05
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	07
Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Father Mullers Inst. of Medical Edu. & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	04
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	02
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	02
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	04
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	06
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	04
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	08
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	02

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Psychiatry Course in India

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. These include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities. The term was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808, and literally means the 'medical treatment of the soul' (psych-: soul; from Ancient Greek psykhē: soul; -iatry: medical treatment; from Gk. iātrikos: medical, iāsthai: to heal). A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry is a psychiatrist.

Psychiatric assessment typically starts with a mental status examination and the compilation of a case history. Psychological tests and physical examinations may be conducted, including on occasion the use of neuroimaging or other neurophysiological techniques. Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with criteria listed in diagnostic manuals such as the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), edited and used by the World Health Organization.

MD-Psychiatry Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Father Mullers Institue of Medical Edu. & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	02
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	01
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	03
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
National Inst. of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore	Mysore University	Govt.	20
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	02

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Physiology Course in India

Physiology (/ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study of") is the scientific study of function in living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation.

Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

MD-Physiology Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	02
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	07
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	02
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	03
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	05
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	03
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	04
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Vijaynagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	02

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Course in India

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), physiatry /fɨˈzaɪ.ətri/ or rehabilitation medicine, is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field is referred to as a physiatrist or rehabilitation medicine specialist. Physiatrists specialize in restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, tissues, and nervous system (such as stroke patients).

MD-Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Seats Distribution in India

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
Patna Medical College, Patna	Patna University	Govt.	02
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi	Statutory Autonomous	Govt.	05
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi	GGSIPU, New Delhi	Govt.	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Amrita School of Medicine, Elamkara, Kochi	AVVU, Kochi	Trust	01
Government Medical College, Kottayam	MGU, Kerala	Govt.	01
Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut	Calicut University	Govt.	03
Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala University	Govt.	03
All India Inst. of Physical Med. & Rehabilitation, Mumbai	MUHS, Nashik	Govt.	02
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal	Manipur University	Govt.	01
SMS Medical College, Jaipur	RUHS, Jaipur	Govt.	04
Christian Medical College, Vellore	TTDMGRMU, Chennai	Trust	04
Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar	Annamalai University	Trust	01
Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow	CSMMU, Lucknow	Govt.	02
Institute of PG Medical Edu. & Research, Kolkata	WBUHS, Kolkata	Govt.	03
RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata	WBUHS, Kolkata	Govt.	01

GGSIPU - Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
RGUHS - Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.
AVVU - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University.
MGU - Mahatma Gandhi University.
MUHS - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.
RUHS - Rajasthan University of Health Sciences.
TTDMGRMU - The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University.
CSMMU - Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University.
WBUHS - West Bengal University of Health Sciences.

MD-Pharmacology Course in India

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), physiatry /fɨˈzaɪ.ətri/ or rehabilitation medicine, is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field is referred to as a physiatrist or rehabilitation medicine specialist. Physiatrists specialize in restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, tissues, and nervous system (such as stroke patients).

MD-Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Seats Distribution in India

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
Patna Medical College, Patna	Patna University	Govt.	02
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi	Statutory Autonomous	Govt.	05
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi	GGSIPU, New Delhi	Govt.	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Amrita School of Medicine, Elamkara, Kochi	AVVU, Kochi	Trust	01
Government Medical College, Kottayam	MGU, Kerala	Govt.	01
Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Calicut	Calicut University	Govt.	03
Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala University	Govt.	03
All India Inst. of Physical Med. & Rehabilitation, Mumbai	MUHS, Nashik	Govt.	02
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal	Manipur University	Govt.	01
SMS Medical College, Jaipur	RUHS, Jaipur	Govt.	04
Christian Medical College, Vellore	TTDMGRMU, Chennai	Trust	04
Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar	Annamalai University	Trust	01
Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow	CSMMU, Lucknow	Govt.	02
Institute of PG Medical Edu. & Research, Kolkata	WBUHS, Kolkata	Govt.	03
RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata	WBUHS, Kolkata	Govt.	01

GGSIPU - Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
RGUHS - Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.
AVVU - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University.
MGU - Mahatma Gandhi University.
MUHS - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.
RUHS - Rajasthan University of Health Sciences.
TTDMGRMU - The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University.
CSMMU - Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University.
WBUHS - West Bengal University of Health Sciences.

MD-Pharmacology Course in India

Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "poison" in classic Greek; "drug" in modern Greek; and -λογία, -logia "study of", "knowledge of") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.

The field encompasses drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are frequently confused. Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role.

Pharmacology Divisions

1. Clinical Pharmacology
   The basic science of pharmacology, with added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the medical clinic and towards patient care and outcomes.
2. Neuropharmacology
   Effects of medication on central and peripheral nervous system functioning.
3. Psychopharmacology
   Effects of medication on the psyche; observing changed behaviors of the body and mind, and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form.
4. Pharmacogenetics
   Clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs.
5. Pharmacogenomics
   Application of genomic technologies to new drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs.
6. Pharmacoepidemiology
   Study of effects of drugs in large numbers of people.
7. Toxicology
   Study of harmful or toxic effects of drugs, the adverse affects of any chemical substance in excess (including those beneficial in lower doses), and their molecular targets and characterization.
8. Theoretical Pharmacology
   Study of metrics in pharmacology.
9. Posology
   How medicines are dosed. It also depends upon various factors like age, climate, weight, sex, and so on.
10. Pharmacognosy
    A branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the composition, use, and development of medicinal substances of biological origin and especially medicinal substances obtained from plants.
11. Behavioral Pharmacology
    Behavioral Pharmacology, also referred to as psychopharmacology, is an interdisciplinary field which studies behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs. It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology, animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience, and is interested in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs.
12. Environmental Pharmacology
    Environmental pharmacology is a new discipline. Focus is being given to understand gene–environment interaction, drug-environment interaction and toxin-environment interaction. There is a close collaboration between environmental science and medicine in addressing these issues, as healthcare itself can be a cause of environmental damage or remediation.

MD-Pharmacology Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Father Mullers Institue of Medical Education & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	05
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	04
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	04
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	04
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	04
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	03
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	08
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	02
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Vijaynagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	02

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Pathology Course in India

Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek πάθος, pathos which may be translated into English as either "experience" or "suffering". and -λογία, -logia, "An account of" or "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling. Pathologies is synonymous with diseases. The suffix "path" is used to indicate a disease, e.g. psychopath.

Pathology addresses four components of disease: cause/etiology, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations).

Pathology is further separated into divisions, based on either the system being studied (e.g. veterinary pathology and animal disease) or the focus of the examination (e.g. forensic pathology and determining the cause of death).

MD-Pathology Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Al-Ameen Medical College, Bijapur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Command Hospital Air Force, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	03
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
ESI-PGIMSR, ESIHospital, Rajajinnagar, Banglore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	04
Father Mullers Institue of Medical Education & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	08
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	07
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	04
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	10
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	08
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	05
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	04
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	09
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	06
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	09
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	05
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	07
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
Vijaynagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	06

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Microbiology Course in India

Microbiology (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology.

Eukaryotic microorganisms posses membrane-bound cell organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic organisms—which all are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bond organelles and include eubacteria and archaebacteria. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on extraction or detection of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA sequences.

Viruses have been variably classified as organisms, as they have been considered either as very simple microorganisms or very complex molecules. Prions, never considered microorganisms, have been investigated by virologists, however, as the clinical effects traced to them were originally presumed due to chronic viral infections, and virologists took search—discovering "infectious proteins".

MD-Microbiology Seats Distribution in Karnataka

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
A J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	03
Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
ESI-PGIMSR, ESIHospital, Rajajinnagar, Banglore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	04
Father Mullers Institue of Medical Education & Research, Mangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	05
Govt. Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum	KLE University, Belgaun	Trust	04
JJM Medical College, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	06
JSS Medical College, Mysore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
K S Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore	Nitte University, Mangalore	Trust	03
KVG Medical College, Sullia	RGUHS, Banglore	Trust	02
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	03
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	08
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal University, Manipal	Trust	04
Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	05
M S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Gulbarga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	01
Navodaya Medical College, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	02
Rajarajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
S S Institute of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Davangere	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
S. Nijalingappa Med. Coll. & HSK Hosp. & Research Centre, Bagalkot	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
SDM Medical College, Dharwad	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	01
Shri B M Patil Med. Coll., Hospital & Research Centre, Bijapur	BLDE University, Bijapur	Trust	02
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	03
Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Vijaynagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary	RGUHS, Bangalore	Govt.	05
Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	04
Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore	Yenepoya Univ., Mangalore	Trust	02

*RGUHS-Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

MD-Hospital Administration Course in India

The hospital administrator plays a vital a role in saving lives, without having to take scalpel in hand. Hospital administrators manage hospitals, outpatient clinics, hospices, and drug-abuse treatment centers. The programs enable individuals to take on leadership roles by equipping them with training in planning, project and operational management, financial, material and human resource management. Course gives require knowledge and skill in various fields, including personal management, good interpersonal skill, personality development with change in attitude and positive behavior, hospitality management, labor laws, health financing, material management, support service management in addition to comprehensive medical knowledge befitting with running of hospital.

MD-Hospital Administration Seats Distribution in India

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally	NTR Univ., Vijaywada	Trust	02
Narayana Medical College, Nellore	NTR Univ., Vijaywada	Trust	06
Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad	Deemed Univ., AP	Govt.	03
Sher-I-Kashmir Instt. Of Medical Sciences, Srinagar	Deemed Univ., JK	Govt.	04
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal	Manipal Univ., Manipal	Trust	03
Vydehi Inst. Of Medical Sc. & Research Centre, Bangalore	RGUHS, Bangalore	Trust	02
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune	MUHS, Nashik	Govt.	08

*NTR - NTR University of Health Sciences.
*RGUHS - Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.
*MUHS - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.

MD-Health Administration Course in India

Health administration or healthcare administration is the field relating to leadership, management, and administration of public health systems, health care systems, hospitals, and hospital networks. Health care administrators are considered health care professionals.

The discipline is known by many names, including health management, healthcare management, health systems management, health care systems management, and medical and health services management. There are two types of administrators, generalists and specialists. Generalists are individuals who are responsible for managing or helping to manage an entire facility. Specialists are individuals who are responsible for the efficient operations of a specific department such as policy analysis, finance, accounting, budgeting, human resources, or marketing.

MD-Health Administration Seats Distribution in India

Institution Name	University Name	Management	Intake
National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi	Delhi University	Govt.	10